Client
SMS’s client was a large mining company who proposed to develop a greenfield project in NSW. The project planned to extract more than six million tonnes run-of-mine per year for the thermal coal export market. The mine included open-cut and underground areas. Coal was to be transported via rail to the export terminal facility. The project life was more than 20 years.
Challenge
An export supply chain is an integrated system comprising a number of subsystems including mining, processing, stockpiling, railing, export terminal operations and port operations. In this case, some of these sub-systems are operated by third-party providers including rail, export terminal and port. The capacity of a supply chain is most often NOT simply the capacity of the lowest-rated sub-system. The interaction between sub-systems can result in an overall capacity less than that suggested by individual sub-systems. To understand capacity and potential constraints requires an export supply chain to be viewed as a whole.
In this case, export terminal options were of particular interest as there were two distinct offerings:
- Export terminal operating in cargo assembly mode. This requires just-in-time delivery of trains to meet imminent vessel arrival. No dedicated stockpiling space is afforded.
- Export terminal offering stockpiling facilities. This provides a perpetual allocation of stockyard space without the need for just-in-time rail delivery.
Typically, a terminal operating in cargo assembly mode offers a lower cost per tonne proposition than one offering stockpile space. The project needed to balance future operating costs against the site infrastructure required for each mode of operation. Beyond the direct commercial consideration, there is the wider implication on supply chain logistics, specifically relating to mine stockpiling and rail operations that must be considered when designing site infrastructure.
The challenge is in designing the most cost-effective integrated solution that provides a robust system capable of delivering budget tonnages.
Solution
Recognising Simulation Modelling Services (SMS) as a leader in modelling and analytics technologies, their simulation team was engaged to review supply chain logistics to ensure target throughput levels could be achieved and proposed infrastructure was appropriately sized. Simulation modelling provides a means of understanding the likely performance of supply chains with complex interacting subsystems. Having developed numerous models of mining supply chains, SMS knew that the Arena simulation software was eminently suited to simulate and evaluate the supply chain operations.
SMS worked with project stakeholders to review the proposed supply chain design and establish a ‘base case’ scenario representing the most likely value of parameters and assumptions to be provided as input in the modelling system.
Broadly, the Arena model simulated:
- Production from both underground and open-cut sources
- Stockpiling of coal, as necessary, in ROM and product stockpile
- Coal preparation plant (CPP) operations
- Train load out (TLO) operations
- Arrival of third-party trains into the proposed balloon loop
- Transit of trains to the export terminal
- Arrival and loading of export vessels for delivery to the customer.
Importantly, the Arena model incorporated the variability inherent in the proposed supply chain. Variability was applied to:
- Mine production rates
- Arrival of trains into the balloon loop
- Arrival of export vessels to the port
- Frequency and duration of unplanned delay events
- Frequency and duration of weather delays.
By creating an Arena model driven by externally defined data, The Advitech Group’s SMS was able to simulate a large range of scenarios to provide an understanding of the impact that changes in parameters and assumptions had on overall supply chain throughput.
Outcome
Having developed the modelling system and simulated a wide range of scenarios, SMS was able to provide feedback on a number of issues within the proposed supply chain.
For a given scenario, SMS provided the following guidance.
- Production and export rates achievable.
- Stockpiling requirements in ROM, raw and product stockpiles
- Not just in terms of the average stock level, but presenting histograms describing the amount of time stocks would be in defined bands.
- This included quantifying the amount of double handling on the product stockpile as a result of having to push product into the stockpile “dead area” requiring dozer intervention.
- Impact of cargo assembly versus stockpiling exports terminal options on stockpiling and rail requirements.
- Understanding stockpiling requirements as the mine transitions from open-cut to underground production.
The modelling review provided project stakeholders with confidence that the design being taken forward for construction would deliver the desired outcomes, without being over-capitalised.
Would you like assistance optimising your logistics system? Talk to the team at SMS for more information.
